A Combined Upper Bound and Fnite Element Model for Prediction of Velocity and Temperature Fields During Hot Rolling Process

Controlling strain distribution during rolling of metals is a significant task in designing a proper rolling layout. There are several models and approaches for prediction of strain, strain rate and temperature distributions during and after rolling operations. For instance, plane strain rolling process has been considered by Takuda et al. They have used an upper bound method to calculate roll force and required energy for cold rolling of metals under plane strain conditions. In another work, an upper bound method employing a spherical velocity field has been proposed to analyze hot rolling of austenitic steel sheets. Marques and Martins have used a dual stream function coupled with an upper bound model to determine required energy in three-dimensional rolling operations. Chung et al. have predicted velocity field during steady-state hot deformation operations including hot strip rolling of metals, by combining of stream-line coordinates and a two-dimensional finite difference method. Chen et al. have calculated temperature and strain fields by a coupled finite element method (FEM) and FDM codes. Nepershin has modeled metal flow in plane-strain rolling process assuming fully sticking friction conditions. A combined finite element-boundary element approach has been used to analyze the cold plane strain rolling process . the FEM has been used to determine the velocity field within the metal being deformed while the boundary element method has been employed for the determination of work-roll deformation. Bar rolling operations have been investigated using a steady-state rigid–viscoplastic finite element approach by Kim et al. There are also other published researches concerning mathematical modelling of cold or hot rolling of metals, while numerical techniques particularly the finite element analysis have been utilized for determining the deformation behavior in rolling metal . Although several published researches on the modelling of rolling can be found in the literature; however, because of the complex geometry of the deformation zone and the nonlinear behavior of metal particularly during hot rolling, more accurate models with relatively shorter run-time duration is still necessary in order to analyze the process during on-line rolling practice. a new approach is developed to propose an admissible velocity field in hot strip rolling process. This approach is based on the principle of volume constancy and a combination of upper bound method and the finite element analysis. A velocity field is first proposed, utilizing the principle of volume constancy, and then the velocity field is modified using the upper bound theorem. At the same time a thermal-finite element analysis is coupled with the deformation model to predict flow stress of deforming material as a function of temperature as well as to determine temperature distribution within the metal. The main point of the proposed model is its relatively short run-time duration in comparison with that inregular fully finite element codes.

Nanotechnology applications in future medicine

First let me explain what is nanotechnology is, It is a technology which deals with matter in atomic scale and are capable of creating small machines which can work in molecular level ( nanobots are not yet created ) and a nanometer is a unit of spatial measurement that is 10^-9 meter, or one billionth of a meter. It is commonly used in nanotechnology. Now It is computer / IT revolution an it had itz fair contribution in the field of Medical research but In coming decades we will see revolution in nanotechnology, quantum physics, human genome research and stem cell research, we will see things which we have never ever imagined before, and nanotechnology will be playing its big part in this never ever imagined health and Medical science revolution.

Regenerating Tissues with the help of nanobots

Americans are spending a lot for anti ageing medicines, in coming years nanotechnology will be assisting the new anti ageing drive . What i can feel is nanotechnology can create nanobots that can be injected into our body and these nanobots will be capable of repairing damaged and old tissues. Well it sounds bit weird ! dont worry we all will get used to it if after few decades !

Nanobots assigned with Mission

Nanometres can send deep inside our body to seek and destroy infected tissue parts and blocked arteries and seek and destroy and eliminate deadly HIV viruses from human body.

Nanotechnology for super human powers !

Imagine a human being who can run 100 miles without getting tired , a man/ woman powerful enough to run as fast as 90 miles per second !These things are can be possible with nanotechnology, nanobots fused with quantum computers will be intelligent enough to alter chemicals in our body which can manipulate our functions to convert ourself into powerful human !

Some conservative people may object these nano ideas but later they will get used to it, during earlier days conservatives objected discoveries made by scientists like Copernicans etc.

These days lot of scientific research are undergoing in universities around the world and every month we are reading about new nano discoveries

Nano tech aid for repairing nurons

New research in nano medicine is moving close towards offering scientists a new way for treating and curing neuro degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

Research team of University of Arkansas used magnetic nano tubes on nerves and nurons.Due to their structure and properties, magnetic nano tubes are among the most promising candidates of multifunctional nano materials for clinical diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Research team worked on rats found that they were able to trigger cells called PC12 cells to differentiate into neurons by using nerve growth factor-incorporated magnetic nano tubes. They say that the findings suggest that magnetic nano tubes can be used to deliver nerve growth factor in order restore or repair damaged nerve cells.

Blood steam a natural highway for nanobots

Human body is having a network of blood streams that connects every part of our body (capillaries and arteries) this is a potential pathway for nanobots that can swim through human body to other for completing their assigned mission.

Wifi Guided nanobots

Wireless technology can be used for guiding nanobots through human body and to monitor their works. one thing scientists have to make sure before making such a system is to take care of the radiation aspects of wireless technology, it have to be safe for our human body.

Magnetic Fields for mobilizing nanobots

Magnetic fields can be used to navigate nanobots from one part of body to another; the risk factor is less compared to wireless radiations.

How can nanobots move?

Nanobots can also be called as nano doctors who can get into human body and fix the faults but the question that we are facing is how can we send intelligent nanobot into human system?

Making biologically friendly nanobots (that won’t cause danger to our human body) is an important for creating medical nanobots for health care use and other task is to mobilize them towards every corner or our body.
Scientist’s are working hard on this dream project

Nanobots can also be called as nano doctors who can get into human body and fix the faults but the question that we are facing is how can we send intelligent nanobot into human system?

Making biologically friendly nanobots (that won’t cause danger to our human body) is an important for creating medical nanobots for health care use and other task is to mobilize them towards every corner or our body.
Scientist’s are working hard on this dream project

Nanotechnology - A Boon For Medical Science

Nanotechnology, or more affectionately nicknamed as nanotechnology, is a field of research that deals with controlling matter on an atomic or molecular level. This has multiple applications that range anywhere from electronics, to energy production, to engineering, to physics, and even to medicine. In the field of medicine alone, nanotechnology is giving rise to tools and possible applications that are now being streamlined to focus on finding and eradicating cancer cells. This is a particularly timely issue because cancer is now the foremost killing disease of the modern times. As humankind evolves into the new millennia, it seems that cancer cells are evolving as well. As such, there are still no known medicines or medical procedures that can prevent or cure the occurrence of any type of cancer.

Cancer, or any disease for that matter, begins and ends with the tiniest life force within the human body. These are the living cells that carry out the multiple complex functions necessary for life. Unfortunately, with today’s tools for diagnosis and surgical procedures, there is always the possibility that: damaged, infected and disease-carrying cells are overlooked (and thereby not eradicated by the treatment); and that the surgical procedure might actually do more damage as opposed to letting the disease run its course. It is not uncommon for cancer cells to metastasize to other organs in the body after removing the cancer afflicted part – even with aggressive chemotherapy. It is also not uncommon to hear patients dying from the surgical procedures or surgery patients suffering from the complications of the post operative treatments.

With nanotechnology, medicine has a fighting chance against cancer cells by producing diagnostic tools that can pinpoint the occurrence of cancerous growths as they happen; and by removing these in the cellular level that the afflicted body does not even have to be surgically opened. Nanotech has paved the way for various possibilities in diagnosis, cure and prevention of all possible diseases. Most of these are still a few technology tweaks along the way. However, the point is: the potential is now here and what may have been sheer impossibilities a good 50 years back are now becoming real by the minute. Right now, all eyes are focused on cancer research.

Cancer research with nanotechnology is particularly useful when it comes to the development and construction of smaller but more efficient cancer detection gadgets that can be easily replicated with the right technology. This means that formerly expensive diagnostic tools for cancer detection can now be made at more economical rates. Complex molecular machines can also be started on and developed further to help with correct and early disease diagnosis. One possibility that a lot of nanotechnology researchers are trying to develop are the molecular computers that not only works as a diagnostic tool but can be used as a search-and-destroy “operative” that can eradicate cancer cells on a cellular level. This is a proposed alternative to the various cocktails of medications and the series of medical procedures that one cancer patient has to endure just to slow down the process of cancer growth.