From all that above mentioned, a big question arises. Which is the future of nanotechnology? There is not a straightforward answer, since the future of nanotechnology lies somewhere between science and fiction. The new applications and devices that are currently under investigation by scientists and engineers, promise to bring revolution to each field they will be applied. In the field of computer science, new quantum computers are designed. Automotive and aerospace industry have a demand for “systems-on-a-chip”, in which miniaturization allows all electronic systems, like computer, memory, guidance, navigation, communication, power, sensors, actuators, to fit on a tiny chip. Such systems cannot be materialized with present technologies, but their deployment will lead to a new era of computer and aviation systems, space transportation and exploration. The expectation of such systems is to reduce the cost of air transportation and make them even more reliable.

Another area the scientists are turned to is biotechnology, which can be considered as the application of biological knowledge and techniques to produce innovative materials, devices and systems. There is a great overlap among biotechnology, nanotechnology and information technology. The coupling of these technologies with other leading edge aerospace technologies can produce breakthroughs in vehicle concepts, enable new science, introduce new computer systems, and improve communications, transportation and health care.

A great number of scientists and engineers already work towards molecular nanotechnology with the prospect of “self-assembly”, where atoms and molecules are self-arranged into functioning entities without human intervention. Steps have already been taken towards manufacturing of machine components that are exclusively made of atoms. Computer simulations have shown that operations like this can be performed and the first results are very encouraging.

The future medical aspects of nanotechnology concentrate on the combination of mechanical and electrical systems with human cells and tissues. A great expectation is also the minimization of invasive surgery. New miniaturized machines will enter the human body, focus on the damaged area and proceed with its healing task. The development of new biocompatible materials will permit the replacement of damaged nerves by artificial equivalents, the restoration of hearing or sight and the improved adhesion of living tissue cells on prosthetic implants.